By studying the etiological conditions of infectious diseases, communicable and noncommunicable diseases its cure and prevention can be intervened. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes happens when your immune system destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes. Early diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes is essential using recommended hemoglobin a1c criteria for different types. However, some things may play a role in its development, including. Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowlyover the course of several yearsand can be so mild that you might not even notice them. Epstein and sowers diabetes mellitus and hypertension 405 hypertensive at the time of diagnosis of diabetes probably representing essential hypertension and relating in part to obesity. Topics include etiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention of diabetes, as well as associated complications such as nephropathy. Epidemiology and etiology of type 2 diabetes exdiabetic. To achieve these goals, the journal publishes original articles on human studies in the following categories. While metformin remains firstline treatment for type 2 diabetes, there are now two classes of medications to improve diabetes outcomes. On the etiology of type 1 diabetes pubmed central pmc. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and. Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction the body attacks itself by mistake that stops your body from making insulin. Etiology of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients using. It can also refer to the investigation, attribution, or diagnosis of a specific condition, illness, disease, or disorder. Diabetes causes vary depending on your genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health and environmental factors. Providing care to people with diabetes is an important part of the effort. Epigenetic regulation in etiology of type 1 diabetes.
T1dm is caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic factors. In the past, physicians and patients were led to believe that declining sexual function was an. Root causes of diabetes mellitus dm the root causes of diabetes are complex. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. Review article dry eye syndrome in patients with diabetes. Cardiovascular disease associated with obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and diabetes are associated with vascular dementias and alzheimers disease. Recent genetic mapping and genephenotype studies have revealed the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes is an enormous public health problem it causes. Pdf the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2. It can occur at any age but most often happens in children and young adults. However, the influence of social factors and the natural environment on dm incidence should. The origin and etiology of dm can vary greatly but always include defects in either insulin secretion or response or in both at some point in the course of disease. Recent diabetes research and clinical practice articles. Jdc also publishes articles on physiological and molecular aspects of glucose homeostasis. Dry eye syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus. A highly informative guide to the etiology of diabetes. The known functions of these genes indicate the primary etiological pathways of this disease, including hla class ii and i molecules binding to preproinsulin peptides and t cell receptors, t and b cell activation. Etiology of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients using the. Studies suggest the possibility that the japanese may have many genes susceptible to diabetes.
Diabetes results in abnormal levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Diabetes mellitus dm is a metabolic disorder characterized by the. Causes, complications and management of diabetes mellitus aftab ahmad jan 1, alamgir khan 2, salahuddin khan 3, manzoor khan 4 1 faculty of pharmacy gomal university dera ismail khan kp. Diabetes journal diabetes mellitus journal open access. This can cause severe shortterm and longterm consequences ranging from brain damage to amputations and heart disease ada, 2007. Effect of social factors and the natural environment on the. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural. Prevalence, etiology, and clinical characteristics xinyuanzhang,linzhao,shijingdeng,xuguangsun,andningliwang beijing institute of ophthalmology, beijing tongren eye center, tongren hospital, capital medical university, beijing, china correspondence should be addressed t o xinyuan zhang.
Key words type 2 diabetes, impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance. Whereas t2dm appears to be an increasing price paid for societal affluence, there is also evidence worldwide of a rising tide of t1dm. Type 2 diabetes is much more common and accounts for 9095% of all diabetes. Approximately 510% of the people who have diabetes. Etiology and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus claus kuhl, peter j hornnes, ole andersen diabetes jun 1985, 34 supplement 2 6670.
Journal of diabetes research publishes articles related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. They develop what would be considered to be classic type 2 diabetes, characterized by obesity and insulin resistance with progression to. Oct 09, 2019 diabetic nephropathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by the following. The concept that diabetes mellitus is not a single disease. Type 1 diabetes is said to account for only a minority of the total burden of diabetes in a population although it is the major type of the diabetes. Consequent hyperglycemia is requiring lifelong insulin replacement therapy. Diabetes care is a journal for the health care practitioner that is intended to increase knowledge, stimulate research, and promote better management of people with diabetes.
About 5 to 10 percent have type 1 diabetes, while 90 to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes. No defect is present in earlytype2diabetes but rather is directly related to ambient plasma glucose concentration 31. Type 1 diabetes is also known as childhood diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or juvenile diabetes. Glucoseregulated protein 78 in the aqueous humor of patients with diabetic macular edema. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus academic journals. The primary cause of high blood pressure remains unknown in almost 90% of the cases. The pima indian population of arizona has one of the highest prevalence of diabetes of any population in the world, and the pima indians of the gila river indian community have probably been the most studied group for the causes and consequences of diabetes. There does appear to be a genetic component to type 1 diabetes, but the cause has yet to be identified. Hypertension causes list of high impact articles ppts.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm is currently a public health problem worldwide and a threat to human health and social development. Recently, it has become widely recognized that the. This article is a revised english version of a paper originally published in the journal of the japan medical association vol. At least ten genes so far can be singled out as strong causal candidates. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and. The risk of dementia has been found to be highest in people with peripheral artery disease, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the brain 8,35,40. Until recently, erectile dysfunction ed was one of the most neglected complications of diabetes. Etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus sciencedirect. Diabetes mellitus, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, etiology. Recent progress in understanding the genetic basis of t1d has resulted in an increased recognition of childhood diabetes heterogeneity. Citescore values are based on citation counts in a given year e.
Diabetes management presents findings, analysis and commentary on the battle with type i and type ii diabetes. Etiology, immunology, and therapeutic strategies tom l. The purpose of this module is to provide professional nurses with current information about the epidemiology and etiology of diabetes mellitus and with information about how the disease is diagnosed. Review article diabetes mellitus a devastating metabolic. Different classes of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. Pdf classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90%95% of all cases of the disease khardori, 2011. Smoking, obesity, family history of high blood pressure but there are several secondary causes of hypertension such as kidney disease, diabetes. Articles published in diabetes management address improvements in current therapeutics and patient compliance together with perspectives on future prospects. Introduction diabetes mellitus dm is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. An other area of particular interest has been the search for diabetes skyler and associates. The journal is issuing a call for submission of commentaries, original articles.
Evaluation of diabetes patienteducation programs deterioration of the microcirculation in diabetes dietaryfiber hypothesis of the etiology of diabetes mellitus. The molecular genetics of diabetes received extensive attention in recent years by many prominent investigators and research groups in the biomedical field. Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Etiology of obesity list of high impact articles ppts. Issue 1 psychological factors in the etiology of diabetes. Observed rates of mitochondrial atp production can be modi.
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its treatment policy jmaj 531. Screening and diagnosis is still based on world health organization who and american diabetes. Mostly patients with diabetes mellitus have either type 1 diabetes which is immunemediated or idiopathic. Various genetic and environmental factors have been established as influencing the pathogenesis of this disease.
We only know for sure that autoimmunity is the predominant effector mechanism of t1d, but may not be its primary cause. Etiology, complications, and treatment of diabetes diabetes. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for. Type 1 diabetes t1d is a chronic autoimmune disease in which destruction or damaging of the betacells in the islets of langerhans results in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Journal of diabetes and its complications jdc is a journal for health care practitioners and researchers, that publishes original research about the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Genetic and epigenetic factors in etiology of diabetes. Developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or nafld, occurs in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dissecting the etiology of type 2 diabetes in the pima indian. The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm and its complications is a major threat to public health. The first page of the pdf of this article appears above. For more information about the epidemiology and etiology of types 2 diabetes, refer to the sciences of diabetes ebook. Etiology, complications, and treatment of diabetes.
Pdf causes, complications and management of diabetes. In the etiology of diabetes insipidus, there are four main causes that are currently known to create the condition. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological andor metabolic disorder with. In 20 it was estimat ed t hat over 382 mil lion peopl e. Although a defect in mitochondrial function is associated with extremes of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle 30, this does not appear to be relevant to the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in children aged 4 years and older, and the peak incidence in children occurs between the ages of 11 and years khardori, 2011. Type 1 diabetes the journal of clinical endocrinology. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulindependent diabetes and juvenile diabetes, involves the immune system. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its treatment policy. There is no common diabetes cause that fits every type of diabetes as the causes of diabetes vary depending on the individual and the type. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and current treatment. Sixteen million individuals in the united states with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an additional.
Etiology list of high impact articles ppts journals. Learn more about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of type 1 diabetes. In epidemiology etiology plays a vital role to understand the origin and cause of the disease. Though diagnosis of type 1 diabetes frequently occurs in childhood, 84% of. Classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of. Diabetes mellitus type 1 t1d is a complex disease resulting from the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
Etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in children. Coverage focuses on the key objective of stabilizing blood glucose levels in. Our understanding of the etiology of type 1 diabetes t1d remains limited and originates to a large extent from two animal models. Gestational diabetes mellitus gdm is a form of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy, usually during the second trimester. Diabetes and erectile dysfunction clinical diabetes. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, gestational diabetes and covers all aspects of diabetes. The journal of diabetes was started more than a decade ago in a spirit of collaboration between east and west addressing the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, management, complications and prevention of diabetes.
During pregnancy the placenta produces hormones that help the baby develop. This book is especially helpful to healthcare professionals and others of you who want to understand more about the science behind diabetes and how to reverse it from a scientific perspective. Regardless of the pathophysiology of diabetes, chronic high blood glucose. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Asian journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. After the initial success of familybased linkage analyses, which uncovered the strong linkage and association between hla gene. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can start quickly, in a matter of weeks. This book is especially helpful to healthcare professionals and others of you who want to understand more about the science behind diabetes. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. Etiology is a reference to the cause or a set of causes to a specific condition or disorder. About 12% of all pregnant women develop an abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy, but most often glucose tolerance returns to normal postpartum. In the etiology of diabetes insipidus, there are four main causes. Diabetes can be managed with proper treatment, and complications from type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by peripheral insulin.
In most cases, the bodys immune system attacks and destroys the part of the. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. This is a type of diabetes mellitus that occurs due to the. Diabetes can be managed with proper treatment, and complications from type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed with change in diet and exercise and. The incidence of type 1 diabetes t1d has risen steadily in developed countries from the 1950s to the present day, with the recent, alarming prediction that it will double in children under age 5 years by 2020 patterson et al. In pregnancy, several physiologic changes take place, the sum of which tends to reset the glucose homeostasis in the direction of diabetes. The incidence rate of the disease is steadily increasing. Diabetes is a condition associated with high morbidity, elevated mortality, and a decreased quality of life. Recently, it has become widely recognized that the functional pancreatic cell mass decreases over time and type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and. Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. Etiology type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of genetic factors related to impaired insulin secre42 jmaj, januaryfebruary 2010 vol. Japanese study of type ii diabetics,31 161 of 374 43%. The increase in understanding of the pathogenesis of t1dm has made it possible to consider interventions to slow the autoimmune disease process in an.
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